The Salsoloideae are a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae, formerly in family Chenopodiaceae.
Description
These are herbs, subshrubs, shrubs and some trees. Stems and leaves are often succulent. The ovary contains a spiral embryo. In most genera, scarious wings develop at the outside of the fruiting perianth, allowing for dispersal by the wind (anemochory).
In tribe Caroxyleae, the stamens have vesiculose anther appendages, discolor with anthers, that probably play a role for insect pollination. In tribe Salsoleae the anther appendages are absent or small and inconspicuous.
Distribution
The area with most species (center of diversity) are the deserts and semideserts of Central-Asia and the Middle East. Distribution of the subfamily extends to the Mediterranean, to Middle-Europe, north and south Africa, and Australia, some species have also been introduced to America. Many species grow in dry habitats (xerophytes) or tolerate salty soils (halophytes), some are ruderals.
Photosynthesis pathway
Salsoloideae are C4 plants (with a few exceptions in tribe Salsoleae). Tribe Caroxyleae is exclusively of the NAD-malic enzyme C4 subtype. Most Salsoleae also use the NADP-malic enzyme.
Taxonomy
Climacoptera turcomanica, in fruit
Cornulaca monacantha
Halothamnus subaphyllus, in fruit
Saxaul, Haloxylon ammodendron
Hammada griffithii, in fruit
Salsola tragus
The type genus of subfamily Salsoloideae is Salsola L. According to recent research, the former classification did not reflect the phylogenetic relationship, so that the subfamily had to be reclassified; it is now split in two tribes, Caroxyleae and Salsoleae (in the strict sense). The tribe Camphorosmeae is now treated in its own subfamily, Camphorosmoideae.
Caroxyleae Akhani & E. H. Roalson (as "Caroxyloneae")
Akhania Sukhor., with 5 species
Caroxylon Thunb., with 128 species
Climacoptera Botsch., with 41 species
Halanthium K.Koch, with 5 species
Halarchon Bunge, with one species
Halarchon vesiculosum (Moq.) Bunge
Halimocnemis C. A. Mey.,...
